SPORTS · FLOW    RESEARCH LIBRARY
THE DESERT FATHERS  ·  STATION 06 OF 12
PENTHOS

The UsefulKind of Grief

The desert fathers distinguished two kinds of sorrow and treated one as a gift and the other as a trap. Sport routinely gets the two confused.
WRITTEN BYNoah Wickliffe
PENTHOS
COMPUNCTION
 
THE RING TEMPLATE
TEN PAGES

§I   The Call

Something ended and nobody said so

A gymnast is nineteen and finished. Not injured out, not cut. The body changed, the scores stopped moving, and there is no event where this gets announced. She trains for another season and then does not.

Everyone around her treats it as a transition. There are words for it that are all about the future. Next chapter. New opportunities. The one word nobody uses is the accurate one, which is that something she loved is over and she has not been allowed to say so out loud.

The desert fathers had a word for the sorrow they thought worth having. Penthos, usually translated as compunction or mourning. They treated it as a gift and they were careful to distinguish it from the sorrow that eats a person, which they called lupe and treated as one of the eight thoughts.

ArenaWhat it looks like there
GymnasticsNineteen and done, with no ceremony and no vocabulary.
RowingThe last time in a boat with that crew, recognized only afterward.
FootballThe body that will not do it again, and a locker room that jokes.
CoachingThe athlete who leaves, and the coach who is not allowed to mind.
MusicThe audition that closes a door quietly and permanently.
Any arenaEvery ending that has no ceremony attached to it.

§II   Two Failures

The two ways this goes wrong

Straight past it

The first failure is the one sport is built for. Next thing, next season, next goal. It is fast and it works for a great many people and it fails completely for the ones it fails, who arrive years later with something intact and unprocessed and no idea where it came from.

Living in it

The second failure is the one the desert warned about more loudly. Sorrow that becomes the identity. The athlete whose story about themselves is permanently the injury, the selection, the year it went wrong. The desert fathers were unusually blunt that this is not mourning, it is a place to live, and that it is comfortable in a way real grief is not.

They put the two in separate categories deliberately. One moves and the other does not.

§III   The Line

The line

The one who has not been tempted has not been tried, and the one who has not mourned has not begun.AFTER THE SAYINGS OF THE DESERT FATHERS

Begun is the operative word. Penthos is not the end state and it is not virtuous in itself. It is the entry to something, and a sorrow that has stopped being an entry has become the other thing.

§IV   The Story

The story

Arsenius wept. The accounts say he wept so much that he lost his eyelashes, which is the kind of detail that survives because someone thought it was worth recording. He had been a tutor in the imperial household and had left everything, and the tradition never treats his weeping as a failure of composure.

What the tradition does do is refuse to let it become the whole man. Arsenius is also the one who worked, who taught, who kept a schedule and who turned people away at the door so he could keep it. The weeping was in the life. It was not the life.

There is a story that carries the distinction better than any definition. A brother was overcome with sorrow and went to an old man, who asked him what he was mourning. He gave an answer. The old man said that was worth mourning, and then asked him what he was going to do that afternoon. Both questions. Neither one instead of the other.

There is a second Arsenius detail that complicates the first. Asked why he wept, he said he was weeping for what he had done and for what he had not become, and then he went back to work. Both halves are in the record and the tradition preserved the second half as carefully as the first.

What the desert would not tolerate was sorrow that excused you from the afternoon. Amma Syncletica said that grief which does not return you to the work is not grief but self-regard wearing its clothes, and she said it in a tradition that valued weeping more highly than almost any other.

§V   The Science

The science

The most useful modern model is Margaret Stroebe and Henk Schut's dual process model. It holds that healthy grieving is oscillation between two orientations, one facing the loss and one facing restoration and the demands of ongoing life. Not stages. Movement between two modes, with the movement itself being the healthy part.

That maps onto the desert distinction closely. Penthos is loss-oriented time that is entered and left. What the fathers called lupe is loss-orientation with the oscillation gone.

The second useful body of work is the guilt and shame distinction. June Tangney's research separates guilt about an action, which is associated with reparative behavior, from shame about the self, which is associated with withdrawal and defensiveness. Kent Mosewich's work in sport found self-compassion associated with lower shame-proneness and less rumination in women athletes.

2orientations, oscillated between
0stages, in the evidence
15minutes is a workable dose for a bounded grief session
1question about the afternoon, every time

The oscillation is the mechanism. Everything the practice below does is aimed at restoring it in someone who has got stuck at one end.

§VI   The Case Against

The case against prescribing mourning

This is the station where the modern evidence pushes back hardest against the tradition, and the pushback is serious enough that the practice had to be rewritten around it.

Most people do not need this

George Bonanno's research on bereavement found that the most common trajectory after major loss is resilience. Not delayed grief, not suppressed grief. Resilience, in a substantial majority. The assumption that everyone must process a loss or pay for it later is called the grief work hypothesis, and it has not held up.

Grief intervention for normal grief can do harm

The stronger finding is that counseling interventions delivered to people experiencing normal, uncomplicated grief show negligible benefit and, in some analyses, worse outcomes than no intervention. Prescribing mourning to someone who was managing is not neutral.

Which means a station that tells an athlete they have not properly grieved their career is doing something the evidence specifically warns against. The gymnast above may be entirely fine. The fact that nobody gave her a ceremony does not establish that she needed one.

The desert had a self-selected population

The men and women in these stories had chosen a life organized around interior work. They are not a general sample, and what was a gift to them is not automatically a gift to a nineteen-year-old who would rather get on with it.

Where this leaves the station Substantially narrowed. This is not a station to be prescribed to anyone who has lost something. It is written for the athlete who is already stuck, at one end or the other, and who says so. The offer is made once and not repeated, and an athlete who says they are fine is taken at their word, because the evidence says they usually are.

§VII   The Practice

The practice

For the athlete who is stuck at the loss end.

  • Bound it. Fifteen minutes, a set time, a set place. Grief that is given a container gets entered rather than avoided, and gets left rather than inhabited.
  • Say what ended, plainly. Not what it means. What it was. Naming the thing is most of the work and it is usually the sentence nobody has said out loud.
  • Then the afternoon. The old man's second question. What are you doing after this. Every session ends with the return, deliberately.

For the athlete stuck at the restoration end, running hard and never turning around, the practice is the same shape with the emphasis reversed. Fifteen minutes in which the next thing is not allowed to be mentioned.

The failure mode of both is the same. If the fifteen minutes keeps growing, that is not depth, and it is the point at which this stops being a practice and becomes a referral.

§VIII   The Deeper Block

Two weeks

Days 1–2
Name it once. Write one sentence: what ended. Not why it matters. What it was. Then close the book.
Days 3–5
Fifteen bounded minutes, twice. Same time, same place, timer. End each one by saying what you are doing next.
Days 6–8
Check the oscillation. Are you able to leave it. Are you able to enter it. One of those is usually much harder and that tells you which end you are stuck at.
Days 9–11
Tell one person. One, chosen, not a group. The old man in the story did very little except be there and ask the second question.
Days 12–14
Stop or continue, deliberately. If the sessions are getting shorter and easier to leave, this is working. If they are getting longer, this is the wrong tool and it is time to talk to someone qualified.

§IX   For the Coach

For the coach

Mark the endings. This is the highest-value and lowest-cost thing on the page. Last row with a crew, last competition in a category, the day someone stops. Thirty seconds of acknowledgment in front of the group. Most sporting endings have no ceremony and the absence does more damage than the ending.

Offer once. Do not chase. An athlete who says they are fine is probably fine, and the research is clear enough about this that pursuing it is the intervention with the worse expected value.

Watch for the story that stops moving. The athlete whose account of themselves has not changed in three years is the one this station is for, and they will not raise it.

How to raise it

“That was the last one with this group. I am not going to make a thing of it. I did want to say out loud that it happened.”

Then stop. The whole intervention is that somebody said it happened.

Have the referral route before you need it. The distinction between grief that is moving and grief that has stopped is not one a coach should be making alone. Know who you would call, and know it before the season, not during the week it matters.

§X   The Turn

What this station leaves you with

The desert fathers cried more than any other tradition in this library and they were more suspicious of it than any other tradition too. Both at once. A sorrow that moves you and a sorrow that houses you are not the same sorrow, and they knew the difference was in whether you could leave.

Nobody said anything when the gymnast stopped. That is the part that was fixable.

SOURCE · Sayings of the Desert Fathers, Arsenius; on penthos and lupe
SOURCE · Evagrius, the eight thoughts, on sadness
STUDY · Stroebe & Schut, dual process model of coping with bereavement
STUDY · Bonanno, resilience trajectories; grief intervention outcomes
STUDY · Tangney on guilt and shame; Mosewich on self-compassion in sport
RING · The Desert Fathers, station 06 of 12